{"id":3533,"date":"2016-09-14T13:38:42","date_gmt":"2016-09-14T12:38:42","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/irprout.it\/?p=3533"},"modified":"2016-09-15T08:43:35","modified_gmt":"2016-09-15T07:43:35","slug":"humans-may-speak-universal-language-say-scientists","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/irprout.it\/?p=3533","title":{"rendered":"Humans may speak a universal language, say scientists\u00a0"},"content":{"rendered":"

\u00a0humans may speak a universal language,
\nsay scientists\u00a0<\/span><\/h4>\n

Sarah Knapton<\/a>,
\nTELEGRAPH\u00a0science editor
\n12 SEPTEMBER 2016 \u2022 8:00PM<\/p>\n

\n

Humans across the globe may be actually speaking the same\u00a0language\u00a0<\/a>after scientists found that the sounds used to make the words of common objects and ideas are strikingly similar.<\/span><\/p>\n

\n

The discovery challenges the fundamental principles of linguistics, which state that languages grow up independently of each other, with no intrinsic meaning in the noises which form words.<\/p>\n

But\u00a0research\u00a0<\/a>which looked into several thousand languages showed that for basic concepts, such as body parts, family relationships or aspects of the natural world, there are common sounds – as if concepts that are important to the human experience somehow trigger universal verbalisations.<\/p>\n

“These sound symbolic patterns show up again and again across the world, independent of the geographical dispersal of humans and independent of language lineage,” said Dr Morten Christiansen, professor of psychology and director of\u00a0Cornell’s Cognitive Neuroscience Lab\u00a0<\/a>in the US where the study was carried out.<\/p>\n

“There does seem to be something about the human condition that leads to these patterns. We don’t know what it is, but we know it’s there.”<\/p>\n

The study found, that in most languages, the word for \u2018nose\u2019 is likely to include the sounds \u2018neh\u2019 or the \u2018oo\u2019 sound, as in \u2018ooze.\u2019\u00a0Similarly, the word for \u2018leaf\u2019 is likely to include the sounds \u2018l,\u2019 \u2018p\u2019 or \u2018b\u2019 while \u2018sand\u2019 will probably use the sound \u2018s\u2019. The words for \u2018red\u2019 and \u2018round\u2019 are likely to include the \u2018r\u2019 sound.<\/p>\n

“It doesn’t mean all words have these sounds, but the relationship is much stronger than we’d expect by chance,” added Dr Christiansen.\u00a0Other words found to contain similar sounds across thousands of languages include \u2018bite\u2019, \u2018dog\u2019, \u2018fish\u2019, \u2018skin\u2019, \u2018star\u2019 and \u2018water\u2019. The associations were particularly strong for words that described body parts, like \u2018knee\u2019, \u2018bone\u2019 and \u2018breasts.\u2019<\/p>\n

The team also found certain words are likely to avoid certain sounds. This was especially true for pronouns. For example, words for \u2018I\u2019 are unlikely to include sounds involving u, p, b, t, s, r and l. \u2018You\u2019 is unlikely to include sounds involving u, o, p, t, d, q, s, r and l.<\/p>\n

The team, which included of physicists, linguists and computer scientists from the US, Argentina, Germany, the Netherlands and Switzerland analysed 40-100 basic vocabulary words in around 3,700 languages \u2013 approximately 62 per cent of the world’s current languages.<\/p>\n

The researchers don’t know why humans tend to use the same sounds across languages to describe basic objects and ideas.\u00a0But Dr Christian said the concepts were important in all languages, and children are likely to learn these words early in life.<\/p>\n

“Perhaps these signals help nudge kids into acquiring language,” he added: \u201cMaybe it has something to do with the human mind or brain, our ways of interacting, or signals we use when we learn or process language. That’s a key question for future research.\u201d<\/p>\n

\"Figura

Figura 1: Spiky objects tend to have ‘kiki’ sounds – Credit: Christmasstockimages<\/span><\/p><\/div>\n

One of the most basic concepts in linguistics is that the relationship between a sound of a word and its meaning is arbitrary. However recent studies have suggested that some words may share common sounds, for example, researchers have shown that words for small spiky objects in a variety of languages are likely to contain high-pitched sounds, while rounder shapes contain \u2018ooo\u2019 sounds, which is known as the \u2018bouba\/kiki\u2019 effect.
\nDr Lynne Cahill, a lecturer in English Language and Linguistics at the\u00a0University of Sussex<\/a>\u00a0said it was possible that some words were similar across languages because they are the first noises children make. So the \u2018ma, ma, ma\u2019 and \u2018da, da, da\u2019 sounds made be babies became mama and daddy.<\/p>\n

But she said it was too early to say there was a universal root for other words.<\/p>\n

\u201cYou could argue that the words chosen here are very old and therefore most likely to have a common ancestor language in the past, from which they all derived,\u201d she said.<\/p>\n

\u201cI think this is an interesting study which has looked at so many languages but I don\u2019t think it quite justifies their claim that it debunks the idea that language is arbitrary and I think they looked at too few words to make any firm conclusions.\u201d<\/p>\n

The research was published in the\u00a0Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences journal.<\/a><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u00a0Nose, Nase, Nez: Shared Sounds and Meaning Link World Languages<\/a>\u00a0<\/span><\/h2>\n

By\u00a0Nathaniel Scharping<\/a>\u00a0| September 13, 2016 4:59 pm
\n\"(Credit:<\/p>\n

(Credit: Petr Vaclavek\/Shutterstock)<\/p>\n

In English we say \u201cnose\u201d, the French say \u201cnez\u201d and Germans pronounce it \u201cnase.\u201d\u00a0The words that different cultures use to describe the same objects or\u00a0concepts might be more similar than we realize.<\/p>\n

That\u2019s the conclusion of a statistical analysis of thousands of languages, which concluded that some of the most basic words in our vocabularies share important characteristics, no matter the language being spoken.<\/p>\n

The findings contradict a basic\u00a0assumption in linguistics: that the origin of our words is largely arbitrary. There are exceptions to this rule of course, but by and large, it is commonly held that the meaning of a word has no bearing on the sounds which form it.<\/p>\n

By proving otherwise, the researchers raise intriguing questions about the ontological roots of language, and suggest that some shared features of our brains had a hand in shaping the development of language.<\/p>\n

\u00a0words upon words\u00a0<\/span><\/h4>\n

In their\u00a0paper<\/a>, published Tuesday in the\u00a0Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences<\/em>, researchers from Germany and Switzerland examined\u00a0two-thirds of the more than 6,000 languages we know about today. They compiled 6,452 lists of the most basic words that languages share, words\u00a0like pronouns, motion verbs, and nouns for natural phenomena and body parts. They then broke the words down into symbols representing specific sounds, which they were able to feed into an algorithm to tease out the commonalities between them.<\/p>\n

The researchers were looking for sounds that showed up in words describing the same things. If there were truly no connection between vocalizations\u00a0and meaning, the sounds should be evenly distributed. That wasn\u2019t the case though \u2014 they found 74 words that showed a correlation between the sounds they used and what they meant. This held even if the languages came from completely different lineages, meaning that they never borrowed from each other.<\/p>\n

These correlations were both positive and negative, meaning that some words shared sounds, while others all seemed to shy away from certain sounds. Some words turned out to have both. Take \u201ctongue\u201d for example: Across all the languages, the sounds for \u201ce\u201d and \u201cl\u201d show up more often, while \u201cu\u201d and \u201ck\u201d appear less frequently than would be expected.<\/p>\n

Both \u201cred\u201d and \u201cround\u201d show an affinity for \u201cr\u201d, while \u201cname\u201d rarely possesses \u201co\u201d and \u201cp\u201d.<\/p>\n

An image from the study showing words that have either positive or negative associations with specific sounds.(Credit: Dami\u00e1n E. Blasi et. al)<\/em><\/p>\n

\u00a0does it make sense?\u00a0<\/span><\/h4>\n

On the surface, it makes\u00a0sense that some of our words sound the same. After all, we\u2019re all human, and wherever our languages came from, they spring from brains that work largely alike.<\/p>\n

On the other hand, these findings may seem to be partly counterintuitive \u2014 after all, there are\u00a0plenty of words<\/a>\u00a0that sound the same but mean very different things across languages. In addition, some of the researchers conclusions don\u2019t seem to jive with our own language \u2014 take for example, their finding that the word for \u201cyou\u201d doesn\u2019t often possess \u201co\u201d or \u201cu\u201d sounds.<\/p>\n

It\u2019s important to remember, however, that the researchers found correlations on a very broad scale. On the scale of thousands of languages, English is just a drop in the bucket. The researchers don\u2019t lay out hard and fast rules for languages \u2014 instead, they find\u00a0that a good number of sounds show up in a way that shouldn\u2019t happen randomly.<\/p>\n

\u00a0but why?\u00a0<\/span><\/h4>\n

They don\u2019t know exactly why this happens. The roots of language far exceed any written documents, and archaeological finds don\u2019t often provide good insights into speech patterns. One theory is that all of our languages today come from ancient proto-languages \u2014 after all, most languages should share an etymological root<\/strong> if you go back far enough. Like the broad similarities between species that diverged millions of years ago, this could explain some of the parallels.<\/p>\n

Another theory is that we formed words based on similarities between how they sound and the action or thing they describe.\u00a0Previous studies<\/a>\u00a0have found that high-pitched sounds are often\u00a0used to describe small things and low-pitched sounds describe\u00a0large objects. It is also thought\u00a0that\u00a0sounds with particular \u201cshapes\u201d describe some objects better. Smoothly rolling \u201cr\u201d sounds might show up often in words for \u201cround,\u201d because the sounds mimics the shape.<\/p>\n

The researchers say that this is the first time anyone has taken a big data approach to the issue by compiling information\u00a0on a wide number of languages. They hope that future work will be move beyond establishing\u00a0a correlation, and actually shed light on why we might prefer certain sounds for particular words.<\/p>\n

The answer will likely involve much more than linguistics \u2014 this is a question that relies on the fundamentals of how our brains process information about the world.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u00a0humans may speak a universal language, say scientists\u00a0 Sarah Knapton, TELEGRAPH\u00a0science editor 12 SEPTEMBER 2016 \u2022 8:00PM Humans across the globe may be actually speaking the same\u00a0language\u00a0after scientists found that the sounds used to make the words of common objects and ideas are strikingly similar. The discovery challenges the fundamental …<\/span> Continua a leggere<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"ngg_post_thumbnail":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[31,51,39,8,50],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-3533","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-articoli_in_inglese","category-lingue","category-ricerca_sociale","category-societa","category-university"],"yoast_head":"\nHumans may speak a universal language, say scientists\u00a0 - Istituto di Ricerca Prout<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/irprout.it\/?p=3533\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"it_IT\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Humans may speak a universal language, say scientists\u00a0 - Istituto di Ricerca Prout\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"\u00a0humans may speak a universal language, say scientists\u00a0 Sarah Knapton, TELEGRAPH\u00a0science editor 12 SEPTEMBER 2016 \u2022 8:00PM Humans across the globe may be actually speaking the same\u00a0language\u00a0after scientists found that the sounds used to make the words of common objects and ideas are strikingly similar. 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